Dream and Reality in The Metamorphosis Essay Example

Dream and Reality in The Metamorphosis Essay The Samsa family around the incredible creepy crawly is nothing else than average quality encompassing virtuoso. Gregor Samsa (articulated Zamza), the hero, has for his folks Flaubertian philistines. They are commonly intrigued by the material side of life and have poor preferences for different respects. Around five years back, father Samsa loses all his cash, which powers child Samsa to function as a voyaging sales rep in fabric for one of his father’s lenders. The full duty of the family falls on youthful Samsa’s bears as his dad would not work any longer, his younger sibling Grete being too youthful to even think about working and his mom tormented with asthma. Samsa likewise finds a loft for the family to live in. Gregor is moving more often than not, however does put in a couple of evenings daily at home. It is in one such event that the accompanying awful thing occurred: â€Å"As Gregor Samsa got up one morning from a disturbed dream he ended up changed in his bed into an immense creepy crawly. He was lying on his hard, so to speak defensive layer plated, back and when he lifted his head a little he could see his vault like earthy colored stomach isolated into folded fragments on which the bed blanket could scarcely keep in position and was going to slide off totally. His various legs, which were sadly slim contrasted with the remainder of his mass, glinted and sparkled weakly before his eyes. What has befallen me, he thought. It was no dream†¦.† We will compose a custom article test on Dream and Reality in The Metamorphosis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Dream and Reality in The Metamorphosis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Dream and Reality in The Metamorphosis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer There is a great cadenced sound to this marvelous account entry. Gregor is half-snoozing and bit by bit understands that the change is in reality genuine and no bad dream. It additionally happens to him that he despite everything holds his human recollections and human subjective limit, which implies that the change is fragmented (Grunbein). â€Å"Ach Gott, he thought, what a debilitating activity I’ve singled out! Going about day in, day out. A lot a larger number of nerves out and about than in the workplace, the plague of stressing over train associations, the terrible and sporadic dinners, easygoing colleagues gone forever, never to become personal companions. The damnation with it all!† The transformation, however stunning and striking, is yet grounded in all actuality. For instance, when we hit the hay regularly in new environmental factors, we are hope to feel a snapshot of shock on awakening †an unexpected feeling of illusion, and this experience must happen more than once over in the life of a voyaging sales rep. It is the kind of thing that understands coherence in life outlandish, as the feeling of reality relies on progression, upon span. Likewise, arousing as a huge creepy crawly is comparable essentially to arousing as Julius Caesar or Benjamin Franklin (Preece 23). Kafka realizes a harsh tone to the story by utilizing a wide scope of abstract gadgets. The story includes a basic similarity between a man (most likely Kafka himself) and a good natured monster creepy crawly, where the previous is attempting his hardest to satisfy the desires for his relatives yet unavoidably bombs because of his psychological confinement. Strikingly, Kafka never really specifies what sort of a creepy crawly is Gregor, which is one gadget of declining to recognize any genuine change in him. On the off chance that Gregor’s absence of affirmation is representative of Kafka’s perspective on himself, it at that point makes one wonder if Kafka was intellectually sick to a degree (Grunbein). Another striking part of the novella is the punctuation, which features the straight-imposition of the work, while giving the correct background to such a ground-breaking and upsetting activity. The ideal utilization of words ensures that there isn't a word too much. However, the author’s virtuoso radiates through this exterior of indifferent, formal composition that he invested in. Use of symbolism is just every so often observed. Simultaneously the space gave to portraying Gregor’s tyrant and battle ready dad seems unbalanced to the rest. (Nabokov) â€Å"†¦from under the thick eyebrows his alarm bruised eyes flashed penetratingly; his recently tousled white hair was brushed level, exactingly separated and gleaming.† Such a depiction of his dad just shows up after the change, recommending that such men can wear their illusionary quality just when somebody powerless is introduced to them to menace with. The author’s cunning utilization of air highlights the scornful, recondite tone. The choked space of Gregor’s room with just a window for alleviation is the place most activity happens. As the story advances Gregor loses his capacity to try and gaze out through the window. Every section closes with the hero getting away from the cell that is his room and into the parlor, yet just instantly to be driven back by his family. On one such endeavor out of his room, Gregor concludes that he can't remain in there any longer. That second is critical in that he quickly bites the dust. The creator is suggesting that when an individual loses a feeling of having a place and abandons contact with others, he perishes, both truly and figuratively. This translation is even more substantial since Kafka himself drove the life of a recluse unfit to speak with others (Preece 112). The scholarly components are rendered complex by the amazingly grim style that Kafka receives. The portrayals of most characters are very level and don’t offer a lot of investigation all alone. Be that as it may, the character of Gregor is spread out in much detail and profundity. In a manner this distinction in delineation is closely resembling the distinction in the genuine profundities of these characters themselves. It presents Gregor as somebody at a much raised mental comprehension of himself and the world. He likewise appears to be somebody, whose qualities are grounded on all the more suffering parts of life (Nabokov). This essential distinction among him and the remainder of his family demonstrates conclusive and deadly and thwarts his demise. There is a moving arrangement in the last part, when the goliath bug that is Gregor turns out to be human to the point that he really builds up an ear for music. In his third endeavor to get away from his room, he is hypnotized by his sister’s music. At this point, the creator intermissions to ask †â€Å"Was he a monster if music could move him so?† The inquiry is, obviously, expository and the undeniable answer is †â€Å"No†. He isn't generally a massive mammoth all things considered. On the off chance that anything the â€Å"humans† that are his family are more brutal than he at any point was. Works Cited: Grunbein, D., Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Vermin: Metaphor and Chiasm in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, Nabokov, V., Franz Kafka:† The Metamorphosis.† Vladimir Nabokov: Lectures on Literature, The Kafka Project, Preece, J. The Cambridge Companion to Kafka, 2002, Cambridge University Press.

In Othello, Shakespeare Explores The Relationship Between Words And Ev

In Othello, Shakespeare investigates the connection among words and occasions. Spoken idea, in the play, has all the intensity of activity; talking about an occasion will make that occasion become reality for the individuals who hear - it will influence reality as though that occasion had occurred. Shakespeare exhibits the intensity of words piercingly through Othello's monologs. Othello battles with the reality that Iago makes for him. At the point when Othello talks, he uncovers that he can't prevent himself from doing acts that Iago's and his own words have forecasted and started. Othello's monologs further show that even the information on the intensity of words can't shield the characters from the outcomes which the words request. Talking about an occasion is prescience in Othello, however it is something beyond a target prognosticating of things to come. Words become the almighty initiators of activity, when spoken they can't be balanced , only they decide the course of things to come. Othello's monolog before he kills Desdemona is an astounding entry to contemplate Shakespeare's proposition of how words identify with activity. 7 Put out the light, and afterward put out the light! 8 If I extinguish thee, thou flaring pastor, 9 I can again thy previous light reestablish 10 Should I atone me. However, when turned off thy light, 11 Thou cunning'st example of exceeding expectations nature, 12 I know not where is that Promethean heat 13 That can thy previous light relume: when I have culled the 14 rose 15 I can't give it crucial development once more, 16 It needs should wilt. ? (Othello, 5.2.7-16, p. 306) Shakespeare establishes the pace of the entry with one basic early on line, Put out the light, and afterward put out the light! The line starts: Put out the light, maybe it is a goal, maybe it is a basic revelatory comment. Whatever the case, it was spoken, what's more, the second piece of the line and afterward put out the light! transforms the basic articulation into a sequential marvel with a explicit message about idea and activity. Initial an occasion is depicted and afterward it becomes reality by activity. The curtness of the line stresses the clear and unbreakable relationship of words and activity. All through the play there are various instances of words which become inevitable outcomes for the individuals who hear them. Barbantio's words in the principal Act, Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see:/She has misdirected her dad, and may thee. (Othello, 1.3.293-294, p.154) become fundamental reality for Othello. The prediction of the old Egyptian lady to Othello's mom in respects to the hanky Othello provided for Desdemona additionally turns into Othello's world, despite the fact that Desdemona didn't really part with it. (Othello, 3.4.56-65, p.244) Finally Iago satisfies the prescience of his own words, I have't, it is induced! Damnation and night/Will carry this huge birth to the world's light. (Othello, 2.1.402-403, p.161) All of these cases fall into the example of words turning out to be basic real factors as comprehended through Put out the light, and the put out the light! Despite the fact that there is a such a ground-breaking articulation about the certainty of words prompting activity toward the start of the section, there is uncertainty and faltering tailing it legitimately. In the event that Othello follows his own model in Put out the light, and afterward put out the light! at that point there ought to be no thought or addressing how he should act once the thought has been induced, to utilize Iago's stating. It is hard to accommodate the following five lines of examining activity to the intense explanation in the primary line; anyway I think there are some intriguing supporting focuses which can be drawn from the following five lines. Right off the bat, while Othello considers the theoretical idea of what he is going to do, he not even once offers voice to an idea of deterrence. He intrigued by what he is going to do, pulled in to it (maybe the flame allegory for murdering Desdemona is itself a analogy for Othello's moth-like fascination in the fire expressed thoughts)- he moves towards his activity completely aware of the absolution of his choice. Othello discusses atoning when he discusses re-lighting the flame in just the vaguest terms, Should I apologize me. At the point when he talks about murdering Desdemona his language gets strong, However once put out thy light,/Thou cunning'st example of exceeding expectations nature,. Here, Othello verges on scrutinizing his settled game-plan. Curiously,

What is VantageScore

What is VantageScore What is VantageScore? What is VantageScore?You might think that your FICO score is the only credit score out thereâ€"but youd be wrong!There are so many scores to keep track of these days! Sure, the Super Bowl score was low enough to keep track of without any trouble, but that’s far from the only score out there. You have baseball scores, basketball scores, and, perhaps most importantly, your credit score.But now there’s a new score on the block. Well, if twelve-years-old is new. It’s called your VantageScore.So what exactly is this score, and do you have to worry about it? We spoke to the experts to find out!VantageScore: Origins.To understand the creation of the VantageScore, it helps to go back to the creation of the FICO credit score, i.e., THE credit score.As we’ve explained before, lenders used to determine whether someone was credit-worthy on a very personal basis. If you wanted a personal loan from the town banker, you might have to get recommendations from other trustworthy individuals in said town.As banks and other lenders became national enterprises, it was less practical to check in with a potential client’s neighbors to find out if they returned the tools they borrowed in a timely manner.That all changed in 1956 when mathematician Earl Isaac  joined engineer Bill Fair to create Fair, Isaac, and Company. This new company began collecting financial information to create a standard credit scoring system that banks could reference when making their decisions.FICO continued to develop their credit scoring methods and in 1989, they introduced the modern FICO Score. The FICO credit score uses information gathered by the three major credit bureaus, Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion, to generate a number between 300 and 850.Cut to 2006, when those three credit bureaus decided they wanted to offer a score of their own to compete with the FICO score. They jointly created the VantageScore using their own distinct formula.“Originally it was meant to be a much more consu mer-friendly score, based on the rating similar to school grades (A, B, C, D, F) rather than FICO’s 300-850,” explained Todd Christensen, education manager for Money Fit. Those grades were based on a 501 to 990 scale. The more recent iterations use a scale that’s much more similar to FICO’s score.FICO took some issues with all of this and sued the company that administers VantageScore. After years in court, VantageScore emerged victorious and now stands as an alternative to FICO scores that lenders may consider.The Vantage advantage.Now that you know the history of the two credit scores, both alike in dignity, how do they differ today?“VantageScores are grouped into six categories and each category has a different influence on the credit score,” advised Katie Ross, Education and Development Manager at  American Consumer Credit Counseling. “VantageScore is able to get a score from one month’s history and an account that that has reported at least once in the last 24 m onths.”This is in contrast with the FICO score, which requires at least six months of credit history to generate a score. The factors that go into creating a VantageScore are also not broken down in terms of percentages like they are for your FICO score.Ross told us roughly how heavily the different VantageScore factors are weighted:“Payment history: extremely influential.Age and type of credit: highly influential.Percentage of credit limit used: highly influential.Total balances and debt: moderately influential.Recent credit behavior and inquiries: less influential.Available credit: less influential.”So are VantageScores a better way to assess credit-worthiness than FICO Scores? It’s up for debate, though you likely won’t have a choice in the matter unless you’re the lender in a potential loan transaction.“The problem is, it is essentially for ‘educational purposes’ only, since no lenders that I know of actually use the score in their credit-based decisions,” Ch ristensen told us. “Still, it can serve some great purposes to help consumers.”That may be quickly changing if VantageScore itself is to be believed. They’ve found that there has been a 300 percent increase in use by lenders and other individuals or institutions looking to review applicants’ credit scores. That’s why you might as well try to improve your VantageScore as well.How to take advantage of VantageScore.Thankfully, the steps you’ll take to improve your VantageScore are all pretty similar to the steps you’d take to improve your FICO score.We’ll let Ross list those steps:“Make payments on time.Pay off your credit cards in full each monthnot just the minimum!Avoid credit card debt. Only spend what you can afford.Use credit for small, routine purchases and pay them off immediately.Limit the number of open accounts.Check credit reports remove errors.Beware of unsolicited increases to your credit limit.Don’t max out your cards. Maintain a good credit utilizat ion ratio (don’t exceed 30% of available credit).”It might be hard enough keeping track of one credit score. Thankfully, as long as you’re paying your bills on time and using your credit responsibly, both of your scores should grow.Your credit score is important.Good credit is the foundation for a positive financial outlook. With a healthy score, you can borrow more money at lower rates and qualify for the best credit cards. Not only that, but itll help you get that sweet new apartment you have your eye on.If your credit score is lousy, on the other hand, youll find your lending options are pretty limited. Thats how people end up relying on short-term bad credit loans and predatory no credit check loans like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances to make ends meet.Thats something you really want to avoid. Trust us. To learn more about managing your credit score, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Build Credit When You Have No Credit at AllNo Credit Card? Here Are 6 Ways You Can Still Fix Your Credit ScoreCredit Utilization Ratio: What It Is, Why It’s Important, and How to Master ItWant to Raise Your Credit Score by 50 Points? Here Are Some TipsHave a question about credit scores? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN  |  InstagramContributorsAuthor and Accredited Financial Counselor ®, Todd R. Christensen, MIM, MA, is Education Manager at  Money Fit (@MoneyFitbyDRS) by DRS, Inc, a nationwide nonprofit financial wellness and credit counseling agency. Todd develops educational programs and produces materials that teach personal financial skills and responsibilities to all ages. Having facilitated nearly two thousand workshops since 2004 on the fundamentals of effective money management, he based his first book, Everyday Money for Everyday People (2014), on the discussions, tips, stories and ideas shared by the tens of thousands of indivi duals and couples in attendance.Katie Ross  joined the  American Consumer Credit Counseling  management team in 2002 and is currently responsible for organizing and implementing high-performance development initiatives designed to increase consumer financial awareness. Ms. Ross’s main focus is to conceptualize the creative strategic programming for ACCC’s client base and national base to ensure a maximum level of educational programs that support and cultivate ACCC’s organization.

Is Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) a Strong or Weak Acid

Hydrofluoric acid or HF is an extremely corrosive acid. However, it is a weak acid and not a strong acid because it does not completely dissociate in water (which is the definition of a strong acid) or at least because the ions it forms upon dissociation are too strongly bound to each other for it to act as a strong acid. Why Hydrofluoric Acid Is a Weak Acid Hydrofluoric acid is the only hydrohalic acid (such as HCl, HI) that is not a strong acid. HF ionizes in ​an aqueous solution like other acids:​ HF H2O ⇆ H3O F- Hydrogen fluoride does actually dissolve fairly freely in water, but the H3O and F- ions are strongly attracted to each other and form the strongly bound pair, H3O Â · F-. Because the hydroxonium ion is attached to the fluoride ion, it isnt free to function as an acid, thus limiting the strength of HF in water. Hydrofluoric acid is a much stronger acid when it is concentrated than when it is diluted. As the concentration of hydrofluoric acid approaches 100 percent, its acidity increases because of homoassociation, where a base and conjugate acid form a bond: 3 HF ⇆ H2F HF2- The FHF- bifluoride anion is stabilized by a strong hydrogen bond between hydrogen and fluorine. The stated ionization constant of hydrofluoric acid, 10-3.15, does not reflect the true acidity of concentrated HF solutions. Hydrogen bonding also accounts for the higher boiling point of HF compared to other hydrogen halides. Is HF Polar? Another common question about the chemistry of hydrofluoric acid is whether the HF molecule is polar. The chemical bond between hydrogen and fluorine is a polar covalent bond in which the covalent electrons are closer to the more electronegative fluorine.

The Impact Of Great Britain On The Industrial Revolution

By Definition, a rapid major change in an economy (as in England in the late 18th century) marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery, or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such machines.- Merriam- Webster This definition over simplifies the industrial revolution. In reality the Industrial Revolution was much more complex and encompasses many different aspects. With that said the events that led to the Industrial Revolution were even more complicated. How and why Great Britain was the first to lead the Revolution was multifaceted and involves many aspects of economic and social developments. The predisposition of easily acquired recourse and healthy state politics allowed Great Britain to prosper. A core piece of the Industrial revolution was the advent of new technology. This technology would increase the production and efficiency of all factories. As more and more people flooded the cities and towns the demand for more goods sk yrocketed pushing civilization into a new age. The Industrial Revolution was a cycle that feed itself, with need came technology and with technology came need and through this process arose new society. What led Great Britain to become the first country to star in the Industrial Revolution, comes down to a complex system of factors. Each aspect holds a major role in the contribution in the growth of the Industrial Revolution and of Great Britain. To begin with, for any civilization to develop,Show MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution Lead The Foundation For Some Of The Technology892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution lead the foundation for some of the technology we have today. It is also created jobs for many, and made small cities double overnight. 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The Industrial Age brought about a new order that gave rise to the world of skyscrapers, factories of mass-production, and electronic devices that we are accustomed to today. T he everyday lives of ordinary people underwent a dramatic change for the better. Before the Industrial Age, people lived very simple and hardworking lives. Any food or clothing they had was produced by

Case Study Example Xyz Corp. - 1461 Words

Case Study Sample DRAFT #1 Table of Contents Overview .........................................................................................................................1 Supplier ...........................................................................................................................2 About XYZ Corporation ...................................................................................................2 End User .........................................................................................................................2 About SAMPLE CO. ........................................................................................................2 Objectives of SAMPLE CO. Choosing XYZ’s Online Recruitment†¦show more content†¦Sample Co. is a resource for businesses. The SAMPLE CO. s mission is to retain, expand and attract jobs, continuously improve State s business climate, and grow State businesses for the future. 2 10/13/04, M. Rembrandt Case Study Sample Objectives of SAMPLE CO. Choosing XYZ’s Online Recruitment Solution ââ€" º ââ€" º ââ€" º ââ€" º ââ€" º ââ€" º To quickly create a mechanism for employers and job applicants to connect in an efficient manner To effectively increase awareness nationwide of job opportunities in State To increase the number of new visitors to the State.org site To have employers post jobs To have candidates post profiles to the site To have 44,000 new site visitors Quotes ââ€" º â€Å"We chose XYZ because we didn’t want to create the software ourselves, and they are a State company who could provide us with a complete, effective solution.† Name, research and development coordinator, SAMPLE CO. â€Å"Our new advertising campaign represents a dramatic shift in our economic development efforts from business to worker recruitment. 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I have chosen references to support this text that are both academic and colloquial. Indeed it was a discovery to learn that Outsourcing had become a well-developed academic area of study. My prior study of the subject revolved around personal conversations and non-academic magazine articles. It may be interesting to note that an internet search using key words, privatization + government in both Yahoo and Dogpile failed to bring up aRead MoreTypes Of Project Selection Models6139 Words   |  25 PagesQuestion # 1 (25 points): Briefly summarize two types of project selection models. Provide examples of each and indicate how they apply to projects. Be logical and analytical on your respond. Types of Project Selection Models: Of the two fundamental types of choice models (numeric and nonnumeric), nonnumeric models are more seasoned and easier and have just a couple subtypes to consider. We analyze them first.  ·Non-Numeric Models: These incorporate the accompanying: 1. The Sacred Cow: For thisRead MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6523 Words   |  27 Pagesdescriptions were improved. Previous studies have shown that the brain tissue is anisotropic (citealt{Arbogast1998,Prange2002,Ning2006,hrapko2008}). parindent{ }Tissue anisotropy plays a significant role in accurately predicting the extent as well as the location of the white matter damage (citealt{wright2012}). Table~ ef{tab:1} shows a list of finite element studies that included diffusion tensor imaging tractography in the injury analysis. Most of the studies (citealt{colgan2010, wright2012Read MoreFnce2999 Words   |  12 Pagesafter you complete Lesson 12. There are 12 questions in this assignment. The break-down of marks for each question is presented in the table below. Please show all your work as this will help the marker give you part marks as well as serve as a good study aid as you prepare for the Final Examination. Question | Marks Available | Reference | 1 | 5 | Lesson 10 | 2 | 5 | Lesson 10 | 3 | 5 | Lesson 10 | 4 | 5 | Lesson 10 | 5 | 10 | Lesson 11 | 6 | 15 | Lesson 11 | 7 | 10 | Lesson 11 | 8 | 10Read MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6523 Words   |  27 Pagesdescriptions were improved. Previous studies have shown that the brain tissue is anisotropic (citealt{Arbogast1998,Prange2002,Ning2006,hrapko2008}). parindent{ }Tissue anisotropy plays a significant role in accurately predicting the extent as well as the location of the white matter damage (citealt{wright2012}). Table~ ef{tab:1} shows a list of finite element studies that included diffusion tensor imaging tractography in the injury analysis. Most of the studies (citealt{colgan2010, wright2012Read MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6528 Words   |  27 Pagesdescriptions were improved. Previous studies have shown that the brain tissue is anisotropic (citealt{Arbogast1998,Prange2002,Ning2006,hrapko2008}). parindent{ }Tissue anisotropy plays a significant role in accurately predicting the extent as well as the location of the white matter damage (citealt{wright2012}). Table~ ef{tab:1} presents a list of finite element studies that included diffusion tensor imaging tractography in the injury analysis. Most of the studies (citealt{colgan2010, wright2012

The Case Analysis of Enron

Question: Discuss about the The Case Analysis of Enron. Answer: Introduction This report is about the analysis of the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation. This is an American energy company based in Houston. The bankruptcy was one of the largest bankruptcies in the world which led to the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which was one of the largest accountancy and audit partnerships across the globe. The event was not only the biggest bankruptcy; undoubtedly it was the largest audit failure. The company is one of the most famous companies in the world but also one of the companies which fell down too fast. There were several reasons for the failure of the audit program and the bankruptcy of the company. Major reasons of the bankruptcy of the company were inefficient management, accounting fraud and conflict of interest. The company had some severe issues regarding the responsibilities from the side of the management of the company. Due to these reasons, the company has lost the high reputation in the global market and became bankrupt which became one of the mo st famous negative news in the world. There were some faults from the individual person and the whole management committee of the company for which the incident happened. In this report, the reasons behind the problem have been analyzed with the use of relevant theories of the organizational behavior and leadership style. After analyzing the problems some solutions have been given as the alternatives for resolving the issues. The alternative solutions are again analyzed for the selection of the best solution for handling the issues. The problem: Before the bankruptcy in 2001, the company was worlds leading company in the sections of natural gas services, electricity services, paper and communication services. The annual revenue of the company rose from $9 billion to $100 billion in between the year of 1995 to 2000. After the great rise in the business, the company faced the highest level of failure (Carnegie Napier, 2013). In the last section of 2001, they revealed that the reported financial condition was sustained by systematic and creatively planned by accounting fraud. In the first section of 2000, the share price of the company was $90 per share and in the end of year, the price got down to less than $1 per share. This fall was the reason of losing almost $11 billion of the shareholders of the company. After that incident, the company changed its financial statement that they have faced lose almost $586 million. After that the company faced the bankruptcy in December 2, 2001 (Steffensmeier, Schwartz Roche, 2013). One of the major problems faced by the company was the internet boom; they failed to properly analyze the recent trend of the internet regarding different kinds of new businesses. There was another problem which was regarding the type of investigation done by the executives like Mr. Skilling. He pointed out questions regarding the balance sheet of the company but did not give deep focus in the area of the open investigation of the proper documentation of the analysis of the internet information. The open investigations regarding all type of business operations and decision making process could lead the company to a better posit5on in the global market (Markham, 2015). Another major problem faced by the company was becoming too evident in the recent years: Wall Streets loss of objectivity. Investment banks were able to make more money from the investment deals and merger operations than from the broker fees. One common problem faced in this area is the conflicting loyalty regarding the analysis. The organizations may have the problem when an executive found some reports obsessive and some of the analysts found those helpful. Major causes behind the problem and alternative solutions: Truthfulness: Lack of truthfulness from the management end of the company regarding the health of the company was one of the major reasons behind the bankruptcy. As per the executive director of Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Kirk Hanson this was the main reason of the bankruptcy of Enron. According to him the organization had to be the best in every type of activities and should protect the compensation and reputation. There was lack of evidence regarding the announcement of rising tendency of the stock and disclose of selling the stock by the CEO. Moreover the employees were unable to learn the selling activities of the stocks within days or weeks (Markham, 2015). After the investigation of the bankruptcy of the company, the shareholders were able to learn the sale of the CEOs stock when the sell-off would otherwise disclosed. It was a huge delay. The stock was sold to the company for repaying the amount owed by the CEO of Enron. This was qualified as an exception under the general director and officer disclosure document. This was not required to be reported until 45 days later the ending of the financial year of the company (McLean Elkind, 2013). In order to resolve this issue, the company should take the necessary steps at the time of announcing the sale. The shareholders should be properly informed about the actual condition of the stocks and the way of selling the stocks. Information transparency among the shareholders is a vital fact in this type of area. Another problem was the documentation or the discloser requirement. Normal director and officer disclosure was not enough for this type high risk decisions. The decision needed to be taken under proper legal documentations and the reports were required immediately. Interest: Conflict of interests was a major issue of the company. Beside the conflict interests, lack of independent oversight of management of Enron played an important part in the firms collapse. The conflict of interest happened between two roles played by Arthur Anderson. He played the role of auditor of the company but also as a consultant to the company. At the time of investigation, Enron sought to salvage the business through spinning off different types of assets (Zhang, Xiong Shen, 2013). The firm had narrow minded focus in the area of the earnings growth and price of the stock. Besides this recent regulatory changes focused on increasing the accounting ability and strengthening the internal accounting and control system. The existing chairman of the company Kenneth Lay who was the chief executive also, has resigned and Stephen Cooper was the new chief executive. The restructuring of the business resulted in a complex tie up business with UBS Warburg. The agreement was that they will share some of the profit amount but has not paid for the trading unit (McLean Elkind, 2013). In this context, the restructuring was not done properly by the new chief executive. It is quite difficult to restructure an organization for a person who does not know so much regarding the operations previous operations within the organizations. The restructuring may be most successful if the person who is doing the activities is familiar with the operational environment of the organization and knows all the pros and cons. Therefore, it can be concluded that the organizational restructuring needed to be done after some time of the joining of the new CEO (Bushman et al., 2015). The new decisions required to be taken after he understood all the perspectives of the situations. The tie up business was also not profitable as the bank has not pay for the trading unit. Although they were agreed to share the profit, still was a loss as this unit was one of the main business activities of the company. In this type of cases, any business organization should understand the profit level from t he business unit and should not tie up over this type of business deal. Market Analysis The Enron was public listed company associated with government bodies and also manages by market pressure, under maintenance of government authorities and also regulated by private associated companies and their associates like external auditors, equity analysts and also several credit rating agencies. The external governance of the company is basically depends upon the supportive and trustworthy nature of external auditors. There are several biased auditors who are taking benefits to approved contract for the company in unethical ways. The unethical behaviour of appointed auditors of the Enron basically sell their assets at higher prices but doing manipulation to in their financial statement while showing profit of the company. Enron Company basically hides their profitability and applies for higher loan from financial institutions which is one of the primary causes for bankruptcy in the market. Company has been shown better profitability scenario in front of market investors to generate more business fund specifically. The business traders of the company Enron has been force to forecast higher future cash flow and lower discount rates for the company Enron for long period of time. The traders company are benefited by the company in unauthorised pattern. In the actual projected long run income of the company is totally positive and inflated, which is manipulated by the organization for hiding profit from government authorities. The special purpose entity According to the accounting policies followed by the organization Enron required to exclude special purpose entity in the stated financial statement for that specified year of time. The independent financial parties of the company required to be controlled by special purpose entity. And also they were owns minimum 3 percentage for special purpose entity. Enron Company has been found an unethical way to hide and their collected debt from financial institutions at a lower investment grade and business investment activities (Bolton, Brunnermeier Veldkamp, 2013). The special purpose entities are using collateral stocks which have been traded in the market under observation of Chief financial officer of the company. The higher authorities of the company are responsible for borrowing financial support from many financial institutions within their operations period of time. They were used those allocated money for overvalued contracts of the company which is not mentioned in the financial statement declared by them. The special purpose entity which is an important part of the company to generate financial stability, but here as per financial statement Enron is unable to cover the borrowed loan and already collected loans and financial obligations from the generated income for that period of time. There are many financial observations which are responsible for transferring the stocks to special purpose entity accordingly (Guiso, Sapienza Zingales, 2015). The debt and assets acquired by the special purpose entity of the company were created many difficulties for the company for compensating the higher amount of financial debts, which is not declared in the annual financial reports prepared by the appointed auditors of the company. The allocated shareholder of Enron has been misguided by the authorised associates appointed by the company that debt and financial obligations for the company and their revenue and operating income is increasing accordingly within specified period of time. Conclusion: In conclusion it can be said that the management of the company was highly responsible for the biggest bankruptcy faced by it. The decision making error of the company was irreversible and main reason behind the error was the improper evaluation of the information. In order to get the desired level of success and hold the reputation in the global market, a business organization should follow a good corporate culture where the leaders are responsible for taking the decisions properly. If the faults found in the decision making section, then the business organizations cannot grow further. In this case, the similar thing happened to the company, they have a high level of reputation in the existing global market, but due to the improper decision making the biggest audit failure happened. Information transparency is highly required for the big business originations for achieving the success through the team work for achieving a corporate goal. The company faced the problem of lack of info rmation transparency among the shareholders. The company required to follow the corporate objectives and should take the decision by informing all the share holders and the employees when necessary. The company followed some wrong policies and procedures regarding the business operations and the decisions were taken inefficiently by improper analysis of the internet data. The forecasting regarding the market share of the company and the stick prices were wrong, so the decisions based on the activities were also wrong. Moreover the company conducted the activities of decision making in unethical way. They hide the debt taken from the financial organizations unethically which resulted in loss of reputation of the company as well as the auditor. Recommendations The first thing which needed to be changed is the organizations culture. As a globally reputed company, Enron needs to develop a healthy corporate culture in their workplaces. The company had many shareholders who were not involved in the scandal but faced the huge loss due to the bankruptcy. The main reason behind this is that they were optimistic at the time of decision making. The corporate culture of the company should be developed in such a way where all the share holders will be active for tasking any decisions regarding the business operations of the company. In this improved corporate culture, all the relevant information will be shared to all the shareholders properly and the decisions will be taken after getting confirmations form all of them. None of the business decisions will be taken if any conflict exists among the shareholders. The analysis system of the company needed to be updated. The system should be updated with the efficient way of utilizing the internet information and using the information properly in the decision making process of the company. The management of the company should give a deep focus in the area of the new market trend as it is changing very frequently and the way of money making. Any type of unethical business practice should be avoided by the company for keeping the reputation unscratched. The company should follow the concept of To-good-to-be-true. This should be followed by the board of directors of the company for following the ethical way of money making which will help them to gain profit in the business and developing a good impression in the market. The overall case analysis of bankruptcy activities, it is shown that higher authorities of the company are properly responsible for entire unethical and unfair managerial activities. There are also several financial manipulations activities incorporated by the company in terms of market analysis, maintaining financial statement analysis and also operational activities within specified period of time. If the senior management of the company and the employees of the operational team gave proper focus on the operational and investment activities of Enron Company, these unethical activities and bankruptcy can be avoided by the organization within that specified period of time. These entire financial crisis is responsible sue to ignorance and negligence of other associated entities and stakeholders of the company specifically. As the company legally terminated by the court and also given mandatory restriction for other organization not to support this company financially and other term, i t shown that unethical activities has been in a major term which was highly offensive and cannot be avoided by the legal authorities. These judicial decisions are also provided lesson for other companies in that particular economy to avoid such activities and also making them aware about the final consequences respectively. Implementation and responsible authorities Individual entitys angle According to the companys holding policies and corporate acts can be the expected from an individuals perspective to properly bear the moral duties and responsibility accordingly. The appointed Chief executive Jeffrey Skilling and chief financial officer Andrew Fastow has been illegally operating and transferred organizational properties from their cooperative organization. The Andrew Fastow appointed CEO, he is professionally violated corporate ethics and initiated the criminal activities within their operational period of time. In order to develop the corporate culture as discussed in the previous section, all the board members are responsible. This culture should be developed by the interest of all the shareholders as well as the senior level of employees of the company. Meetings among the shareholders and senior level employees for the culture development and agenda should be developed in the meeting (Spillane, 2012). The employees of the company are also responsible for the entire moral and ethical violation activities also they are carrying the unethical business after knowing the fact behind it. The appointed employees of the company are also morally responsible for these unethical acts (Northouse, 2015). After the bankruptcy activities, the entire legal activities of the company Enron has been shown that senior management of the company was also equally responsible for improper activities and disclosures within their operational activities and others. The legal court has been taken decision that the primary and vital reasons behind the bankruptcy were their unfair and misstatement activities and they have also provided decision that no other company should provide support to Enron in professional way; otherwise legally their license will be cancelled for permanent time period. After court cases and bankruptcy Enron has been losses their organizational reputation and negative perception accordingly (Aaker Joachimsthaler, 2012). From the perceptive of Corporations angle The corporate acts followed by the organization in terms of appointed managers and also shareholders higher stock activities to realize the financial stability facts of company. According to the corporate perspective, the entire entity was not responsible for this financial scandal. If the companys appointed managers, employees and shareholders can avoid those situation by paying immediate and prompt outcome and responsiveness. References: Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2012).Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Abdel-Khalik, A. R. (2016). How Enron Used Accounting for Prepaid Swaps to Delay its Bankruptcy for a Decade: The Untold Story.Available at SSRN 2764464. Aven, B. L. (2015). The paradox of corrupt networks: An analysis of organizational crime at enron.Organization Science,26(4), 980-996. Bolton, P., Brunnermeier, M. K., Veldkamp, L. (2013). Leadership, coordination, and corporate culture.The Review of Economic Studies,80(2), 512-537. Bushman, R. M., Davidson, R. H., Dey, A., Smith, A. (2015). Bank CEO Materialism, Corporate Culture and Risk. Carnegie, G. D., Napier, C. J. (2013). Popular accounting history: evidence from post-Enron stories.The Accounting Historians Journal,40(2), 1. Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., Zingales, L. (2015). The value of corporate culture.Journal of Financial Economics,117(1), 60-76. Markham, J. W. (2015).A financial history of modern US corporate scandals: From Enron to reform. Routledge. Markham, J. W. (2015).A Financial History of the United States: From Enron-Era Scandals to the Subprime Crisis (2004-2006); From the Subprime Crisis to the Great Recession (2006-2009). Routledge. McLean, B., Elkind, P. (2013).The smartest guys in the room: The amazing rise and scandalous fall of Enron. Penguin. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Spillane, J. P. (2012).Distributed leadership(Vol. 4). John Wiley Sons. Steffensmeier, D. J., Schwartz, J., Roche, M. (2013). Gender and twenty-first-century corporate crime: Female involvement and the gender gap in Enron-era corporate frauds.American Sociological Review,78(3), 448-476. Zhang, S. Y., Xiong, K. H., Shen, K. (2013). Research on Evaluation Problem of Culture Construction of Military Industrial EnterprisesTake Corporate A as an Illustration. InProceedings of 2012 3rd International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2012)(pp. 517-525). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Enslavement Essays - Crimes Against Humanity, Abuse, Racism, Slavery

Enslavement In the three packets we read Zinn, Mannix and Cowely, Takkaki they all refer to the Middle Passage and the brutality of enslavement. Specifically my interests were how the slaves white and black were treated. The women were treated with no respect at all. They were beaten and raped for no legitimate reason by their masters. ?Beatings and whippings were common. Servant women were raped. One observer testified: I have seen an Overseer beat a Servant with a cane about the head till the blood has followed, for a fault that is not worth the speaking of.... The Maryland court records showed many servant suicides. In 1671, Governor Berkeley of Virginia reported that in previous years four of five servants died of disease after their arrival. Many were poor children, gathered up by the hundreds on the streets of English cities and sent to Virginia to work?(44 Zinn). In class as we watched the movie clip from Amistad it brought such a reality to my mind of how cruel and despicable the people were. It makes me cringe when I see the people beating, raping, and taking away these people's freedom. During the Middle Passage men were ripped from their families and women were prey for the sailors and no slaves wanted to be alive on these ships. ?The many acts of violence they have committed by murdering whole crews and destroying ships when they had it in their power to do so have made these rigors wholly chargeable on their own bloody and malicious disposition which calls for the same confinement as if they were wolves or wild boars. For wolves or wild boars a modern reader might substitue men who would rather die than be enslaved? (Cowely 89). The slaves were treated so horribly they got on the ship shackled by their ankles and wrists, they had to sleep on the wood unplanned floors, elbows were skinned to the bare bones, and occasionally they were fed. The repulsive men who put these poor African American men and women in such pain deserve to be put in the same situation. In class while we were simulating the Middle Passage being in close quarters and head to head next to each other was an interesting experience. This experiment could have been very affective if everyone had been more open-minded and if we really had taken it seriously. TO feel the immense amount of pain and the disgust these people went through is so unbearable. The fact that we were lying closely together bugged me but, I don't think I could stand it being naked my flesh stuck to two other people packed in like sardines is unimaginable. Enslavement was a part of history that I find imorrorally and ethically wrong if I could of changed it I would have. Bibliography Zinn PAcket Cowely Packet Takakki A Diferent Mirror History Reports

A Position Paper on Immigration

A Position Paper on Immigration Immigration is a topic that is discussed in coffeehouses, at the break room water fountain, in the boardrooms, and at the highest level of government. Why, we ask is this, such a widely discussed topic? I believe the answer will vary from person to person. I believe the primary reason is centered on cost. There are those who argue, that the cost of supporting immigrants, is burdening our state budget. The cost of supporting their health care needs, public schooling, and public assistance needs, far out weigh the benefit of there being here. Then there are those who point to Ellis Island and a statue, at the base of that statue is inscribed, "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free". They believe that America was founded on the sweat and toil of immigrants.The Alien Payoff, a reading by Paul Glastris, touches on all of the controversial arguments that have been highlighted in all of the places mentioned in my first sentence.Dormitory room in Ellis I slandGlastris starts the reading by depicting the life of Francisco Castro, a Mexican immigrant. Castro works in the Los Angeles Produce Market, eleven hours a day, six days a week. I believe that Glastris selected Castro because he may represent our perception of a Mexican immigrant. That image is "laborer", physical toil, long hours doing what a native-born worker would not. I agree with Glastris' assessment of cheap labor translating to lower food cost to consumers. Glastris highlights a landmark report by the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, this report concludes, the actual effect of immigrations' impact on our economy is "not that great", "The cost to native-born workers are small, and so are the benefits," (Richard Freeman - Economist, Harvard University). The report acknowledges the substantial cost...

Celia, A Slave book Melton A. Mclaurin (Author) Essay

Celia, A Slave book Melton A. Mclaurin (Author) - Essay Example The purchase of Celia was less of a cook than it was a sexual object. However, was it right to convict Celia of murder while defending herself from her rapist master? In my opinion, it was unfair to put Celia to death while she was severing her relations with her master who had raped her for five years. The judicial process at the time shows that it was against the rights of slaves and did not care what they went through. Mr. Newsom characters also depict him as a pervert who had no respect for women. Newsom character seems to have changed for the worse when his wife died. He was lonely yes, like any other man but he could have maintained his family values and principles as he had his children around to console him. After purchasing Celia as black slave who was mandated to cook, Newsom started treating her like his wife. He forced Celia to have sex with him and eventually raped her (Mclaurin 15). Celia even though angered by the inhumane act perpetrated against her by her master could not find a place to air her grievances for the slaves had no legal redress to self defense in Missouri County. Newsom unacceptable behavior may have been persuaded by the fact that he knew that there were nowhere slaves would find justice. Furthermore, it is clear that he had no respect for women as he never cared about his two daughters who were in the same compound. Newsom prolonged his illicit behavior and bore two children with Celia while he knew very well that there existed no acquaintance bet ween him and Celia (Mclaurin 23). Another sign that portrays Newsom as a pervert is the unclear circumstances his older daughter Virginia got a son named Billy while still in his father’s compound. Even though Virginia was married to Waynescot, one year after her mother’s demise she returned to stay with her father (Mclaurin 9). Her husband might have died thus

Comparison between xbox one and playstation 4 Research Paper

Comparison between xbox one and playstation 4 - Research Paper Example Facing tough competitions from the rapid industrial challenges, it was vital that industry develop a new way of providing entertainment and also to maintain the tradition of playing video games. It has been viewed that today large companies like Microsoft and Sony are developing updated video games adapting new technological aspects and are also competing with one another to become the leader in the video game market. THESIS STATEMENT The paper aims to provide a detailed descriptive analysis, highlighting the major features of two video games consoles i.e. Xbox One and PS4 that would be launched soon for the public. DISCUSSION Xbox One. Xbox One is a forthcoming video game console that has been developed and manufactured by well-known multinational software company Microsoft. It is believed that the product would be released on November 22, 2013 across North America, some European countries, Australia and New Zealand and on 2014 in the rest of the world. Many critics regards this dev ice as an all-in-one entertainment system and is predicted to provide tough competitions to Sony’s well known PlayStation series (Cunningham, â€Å"Xbox One launches in 13 countries on November 22†). PlayStation 4. ... to launch on November 29 in some of the major countries in the European region (O'Brien, â€Å"PlayStation 4 hitting shelves on November 15th in the US for $399, November 29th in Europe and Latin America†). COMPARISION With the rapid globalization and technological development, it is not only automobile and service sectors that are facing tough challenges from competitors but video game manufacturer like Sony and Microsoft are also facing tough challenges with the increase in competitors in the global market. In this aspect, it has also become tough for consumers to decide which product to choose from a range of available products in the market. Below is a comparison of the two most controversial video game console that would be launched very shortly. The two consoles Xbox and PS4 are considered similar in their hardware specification, especially when it comes to the control processing unit (CPU) and Graphics processing unit (GPU). Both the company uses Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. chip for their consoles, using system on chip (SoC) as a combination component for the CPU and GPU. The processor used in these consoles is an x86 64-bit chip with 8 'Jaguar' cores which provides an estimated clock speed of 1.65GHz. Although, PS4 and Xbox One has the same AMD Radeon GPU, however, the PS4 is much powerful with an 1152 cores compared to Xbox One. Additionally, it has been identified PS4 has a higher peak shader which is 1.84 TFLOPS in comparison to that of Xbox One which is 1.23 TFLOPS (Shimpi, â€Å"The Xbox One: Hardware Analysis & Comparison to PlayStation 4†). Again, it has been viewed that both the console has 8GB of RAM. However, in this aspect Xbox One has 32MB of eSRAM that can be used as a cache memory. It is worth mentioning that when it comes to storage both the

Historian’s Wizard of Oz Review Essay Example for Free

Historian’s Wizard of Oz Review Essay the movie `wizard of oz`, the strengths and weaknesses of each document, the major differences between the documents, and feedback on any links to present day political and economic issues. Investigate the authors background. Introduction The Historian’s Wizard Of Oz, first published in 1900, made ripples in the literary world and its writer L. Frank Baum shoot to eminence, and the result was so many of the sequels. When MGM, in 1939, decided to convert this hit into movie version, many of the adaptations of Wizard of Oz had been appeared on stage. Although the film did not cause swell at the box office sales in the beginning, but made waves, as people become conscious to its hidden meaning, years following its initial release. â€Å"Its status as an American classic owes more to television, as The Wizard of Oz became an annual television event in the 1950s and 1960s. The universal quality of the story and the warmth of the film made it appealing to people of all ages. Who wouldve thought that The Wizard of Oz contained hidden meanings†?1 Critics and observers has been interpreted this mega hit in different ways for more than a century now. And it is Henry Littlefield, a high school teacher; presented the most illustrious interpretation of The Wizard of Oz. it is a fact that Baum had been very much involved in active politics in the last decades of 1800s.But, Baum never made claim at any stage that that the story, in its contents, was an allegory for politics. â€Å"Baums story corresponded to the issues and figures in American politics at the end of the 19th century. Littlefield found that he could use The Wizard of Oz to teach history to his students, as the story functioned well as an allegory to the Populist movement and the 1896 presidential election†. 2 Populism, the Key Issues of 1896 and Impact on Culture More than 50 translations has been made in various languages of East and West of The Wizard of Oz so far. Even, due to its popularity, different countries adapted in a way to match the corrosponding conditions of the local culture. For instance, â€Å"in some countries where the Hindu religion is practiced, abridged versions of the book were published in which, for religious reasons, the Tin Woodsman was replaced with a snake†. 1 When Henry Littlefield article was published in American Quarterly then people began to realize that The Wizard of Oz was a parable on Populism, a prototype of a rural political awakening in the last decades of 1800. The Populist Party of late 19th century mobilized the Farmers Alliances to its advantage. â€Å"Farmers faced considerable economic hardship and they believed that monetary policy was determined by eastern bankers and industrial interests. The Farmers Alliances wanted greater government regulation of railroads, tax reform and the free coinage of silver to increase the money supply†. 3 Wizard of the Oz made great impression on American, Russian, and other European countries. â€Å"A mere sampling of the breadth in which it is referenced might include Futurama (which parodied it in an episode), The Cinnamon Bear (a 1938 radio serial), RahXephon (a 2002 Japanese animated television show), Zardoz (a 1974 Sean Connery movie), Wizard and Glass (a 1997 Stephen King fantasy/Western novel), and the science fiction literature of Robert Heinlein†. 4 The Wizard of Oz: the movie: the Ups and Downs Although Baum produced the Oz film series in 1908 and 1914 but the most famous adaptation is the 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz, featuring Judy Garland as Dorothy. Francis MacDonell argues that the movie is an allegory of New Deal, Franklin D. Roosevelts program of social welfare to combat the widespread hardship of the Great Depression in the 1930s. The man primarily responsible for injecting this political message into the film was lyricist E.Y. Yip Harburg, who was a socialist and supporter of Roosevelts policies. Harburg had written the lyrics to Brother Can You Spare a Dime? which served as an apt anthem for the Great Depression. 5 The movie is magical and creative, its pluses is as MacDonnell described, The Wizard of Oz, †¦is a brightly-colored, visually bold, rapidly paced extravaganza, full of gaudy sets, outlandish costumes, and way-over-the-top acting.6 But, some of the scenes were insipid (the ridiculous conclusion of the poppy field sequence) or misplaced (the Cowardly Lions song, which occurs at perhaps the least appropriate moment). 5 A look into Frank Baum’s Life and His Political Ambitions L Frank Baum was born on 15 May 1856 in Chittennnango, New York. His earlier interest in the newspapers and magazines but when he entered in his 20s he started taking interest in theaters and operas. His mother was one of the leading champions of the Women’s Rights Movements. He shoot to eminence when he teamed up with Maxfield Parrish, the illustrator, and wrote his first book Mother Goose in Prose, afterwards he together with illustrator William Wallace he published Father Goose, His Book. Both books had drawn huge attention from the children. Nobody can say with surety that Frank Baum really preplanned to produce a work that was so much critical of the monetary aspects of the 1896 election. â€Å"Yet it is not too much of a stretch to interpret the imagery of the story in this light. Of all the fantasy characters Baum could have created to accompany Dorothy on her journey, he chose characters that evoked so strongly the occupations of ordinary people in the late-19th century—farmers and industrial workers. Lawrence Swaim suggests that Baum may not have been conscious of [the political significance of the Oz imagery], which would explain why the political references in Baums books pop up in such a surrealistic way.1 It is surprising none of the Baum biographers identified that if Baum had any political intention to write The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. â€Å"If Baum had been a Populist supporter, the imagery in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz suggests that Baum had lost his zeal for the Populist movement.† 1 Endnotes 1. Ranjit S. Dighe, The Historians Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baums Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002) 2. Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1885-1896 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971) 3. Martin Gardner and Russell B. Nye, eds., The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994) 4. William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture, (New York: Vintage Books, 1993) 5. Lynette Carpenter, Theres No Place Like Home: The Wizard of Oz and American Isolationism, Film and History 15 (May, 1985), pp. 37-45 6. Francis MacDonnell, The Emerald City Was the New Deal: E.Y. Harburg and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Journal of American Culture (13 (Winter 1990), pp. 71-75.

Reintroducing Bison Restores the Great Plains Ecosystem :: Environment Animals Nature Ecology Essays

Reintroducing Bison Restores the Great Plains Ecosystem Great Plains history The Great Plains offer a familiar story of overexploitation and the emergence of the need to fix the damage. Today rural areas are showing the decline of traditional agriculture and extractive land uses that have left the area barren and unproductive. Restoration projects, in particular those involving the reintroduction of the bison, give an example of bringing the native ecosystem of an area back to life. Grasslands once covered 40% of our nation, the bison once ranged over 48 of our states. Pre-settlement bison population estimates range from 30 to 70 million, after the extensive overexploitation of these animals their numbers dwindled to less than two dozen (Walters, 1996). The grasslands were a highly productive ecosystem even when the bison numbered in the millions because the two coevolved with each other adapting to conditions as well as each other. Today's cattle from the old world have replaced the bison's place in the plains degrading them while collecting the majority of the grains produced by American agriculture. Given the natural intact environment, bison thrive on their own without outside help. They are adapted to the harsh plains, "burned into the genes of bison is the speed and agility needed to outrun a prairie fire or track the greenup path of a summer thunderstorm. This is an animal shaped by millennia of natural selective pressures in the Great Plains environment, " Fox and biologist Craig Knowles wrote (Defenders). The Great Plains have suffered cycles of booms and busts since its early white settlement. The first began in 1862 with the Homestead Act. The Act gave pioneer families 160 acres of free federal land to be farmed for five years. This was the start of federally subsidized settlement that caused soil erosion and the lowering of the water table eventually leading to heavy depopulation. The next cycle began in the early 1900s with new homestead laws and larger free land incentives. This second cycle ended with the Great Depression, drought, the Dust Bowl, the abolition of homesteading, and was illustrated to us in John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath. The third cycle beginning in the 1940s reached its peak in the 1970s when the Department of Agriculture encouraged fence-post to fence-post cultivation. By the mid 1980s the bust phase set in and is still continuing (Popper, 1994). The Buffalo Commons The Buffalo Commons is a phrase that was coined by Deborah E.

Advertising Print Essay

It is my great pleasure to take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of number of people who helped me in successful completing of this project. Firstly I would like to express my heartily gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Agarwal Sir for allowing me to do this project and gratefully acknowledge the contribution by him without his support and valuable suggestion this project could not be successful. I offer my heart self regards to Mrs Aradhana Albert for her continuous guidance, monitoring and informal discussion which become light for me in the entire duration of this project in overcoming the barrier and reaching this stage. Finally I am sincerely thankful to others who have directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of the project. (SHILPA JINDAL) 1|Page PREFACE The title of my project is ETHICAL ISSUES IN ADVERTISING. Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor So basically advertising is a mass communications device through which companies promote or market their product to the consumer, and this enables them to make informed consumption decisions. As now a days advertisements have a very great impact on the consumer’s behavior; it plays very important role in our Indian economy directly or indirectly. so if it become unethical it leads our society in wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by the government and I want to throw a light on this only. As it is a very wide field so here I am restricted to the electronic media only. We have to think about this unethical problem and this wrong presentation of business. So that we can give good ethics to our youngsters. 2|Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TITLE The title of the project is â€Å"ETHICAL ISSUES IN ADVERTISEMENT†. Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor. INTRODUCTION Advertising plays an important part in our everyday lives as it enables us to choose between different ranges of products. These products are promoted through different types of advertisements and cater to all types of markets. On the other hand advertising is plagued with social and ethical issues as it results in over consumption and waste of resources. Advertising creates an environment where it abuses certain values and interests that are not universally agreed upon. For example in 2001 Yves Saint Laurent launched a fragrance called ‘Opium which featured a naked model. This stirred controversy and people found it offensive and sex was being used openly to promote a perfume. For a fashion magazine the advertisement was fine but for billboards it was inappropriate and some social groups found it morally and ethically wrong. Some times advertising draws mixed response from the public, while sometimes it becomes controversial. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinvention of the â€Å"brand image†. For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. 3|Page Advertising is a powerful communication force, highly visible and one of the most important tools of marketing communication that helps to sell products, services, ideas and images etc. Many believe that advertising reflects the need of the times. Whether one likes it or not, advertisements are everywhere. They are seen on the walls, on the back of buses, in play grounds, on the occasion of sports event, on roadsides, in the stores and even on aeroplanes. Advertisements are seen in newspapers, in magazines, on the television, on internet and are even heard on radio. The fact is that we are being bombarded with advertisements day in and day out from all imaginable media. The average consumer is exposed to a very large number of advertisements every day, particularly the urban and semi urban population. In spite of this, to the dismay and irritation of some and enjoyment of others, advertisement will continue to make their presence felt in our lives and influence our lives in many unsuspecting ways because of rapid changes in macro- environment and in our perception, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviour. It seems almost impossible to remain totally neutral and not take any notice of modern-day advertising. The most visible part of the advertising process is the advertisements that we see, read, or hear and praise or criticise. Many suitable adjectives are used to describe advertising, depending on how an individual is reacting, such as great, dynamic, alluring, fascinating, annoying, boring, intrusive, irritating and offensive, etc. METHODOLOGY For completing this project the required information or the raw data is gathered from the sources like websites , journals, magazines ,text books etc which is the most difficult task of this project making as it is the most time consuming process. but overall this topic is quite interesting to gain knowledge about the ethics in ads the controversial ads also. The purpose of taking this topic is that in the present scenario advertisement has a great impact on the consumer’s behavior so if it becomes unethical it will lead the society in the wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by 4|Page the government or regulation bodies and i want to throw a light on this only. Ethics basically refers to what is right, good or consistent with virtue. Advertising generates complex ethical questions which have to be considered, as this mode of communication commits some highly controversial ethical acts which are damaging to the society as a whole. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Here I am restricted to the ethical issues of advertisement related to television media only as this subject has a very wide arena to be focused on. Her I just want to know that how much these set standards are successful in maintaining the dignity of the Indian’s beliefs and their feeling. 5|Page RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TITLE – Ethical Issues In Advertising Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single â€Å"moral† course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. In the present scenario advertisement has a great impact on the consumer’s behavior so if it becomes unethical it will lead the society in the wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by the government or regulation bodies. DURATION OF PROJECT This is a very long term project so we have been provided with a period of one month for the completion. To make it easy this period was bifurcated into various sections of making blue print, abstract, collecting primary data, secondary data, making preliminary report, secondary report and final report at the end which makes the whole process easy to attempt. OBJECTIVE Advertising plays an important part in our everyday lives as it enables us to choose between different ranges of products. These products are promoted through different types of advertisements and cater to all types of markets. On the other hand advertising is 6|Page plagued with social and ethical issues as it results in over consumption and waste of resources. ‘Advertising creates an environment where it abuses certain values and interests that are not universally agreed upon. Advertisements as Mirrors of prevailing norms Marketers claim that advertising simply mirrors the attitudes and values of the surrounding culture. No doubt advertising, like the media of social communications in general, does act as a mirror. But, also like media in general. It is a mirror that helps shape the reality it reflects, and sometimes it presents a distorted image of reality. Advertisers are selective about the values and attitudes to be fostered and encouraged, promoting some while ignoring others The purpose of taking this topic is that in the present scenario advertisement has a great impact on the consumer’s behavior so if it becomes unethical it will lead the society in the wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by the government or regulation bodies and I want to throw a light on this only. I can differentiate my objectives for taking this topic as follows: †¢ To know the various ethical marketing strategies of the market leaders. †¢ To know how can we make a ethical advertisement. †¢ To know the impact of unethical advertisement on the society. †¢ To enhance my marketing skills. †¢ To know the role of advertisement in the success of any organization. TYPE OF RESEARCH As I took the data from magazines , books, internet links , journals and news papers. It is research of descriptive type. SCOPE OF STUDY Advertising is a powerful communication force, highly visible and one of the most important tools of marketing communication that helps to sell products, services, ideas and images etc. Many believe that advertising reflects the need of the times. Whether one likes it or not, advertisements are everywhere. They are seen on the walls, on the back of 7|Page buses, in play grounds, on the occasion of sports event, on roadsides, in the stores and even on aero planes. Advertisements are seen in newspapers, in magazines, on the television, on internet and are even heard on radio. Here I am focusing mainly on the media as a source of advertising. The fact is that we are being bombarded with advertisements day in and day out from all imaginable media. The average consumer is exposed to a very large number of advertisements everyday, particularly the urban and semi urban population. In spite of this, to the dismay and irritation of some and enjoyment of others, advertisement will continue to make their presence felt in our lives and influence our lives in many unsuspecting ways because of rapid changes in macro- environment and in our perception, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviors. It seems almost impossible to remain totally neutral and not take any notice of modern-day advertising. The most visible part of the advertising process is the advertisements that we see, read, or hear and praise or criticize. 8|Page CORE STUDY INTRODUCTION Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor So basically advertising is a mass communications device through which companies promote or market their product to the consumer, and this enables them to make informed consumption decisions. Advertising is a powerful communication force, highly visible and one of the most important tools of marketing communication that helps to sell products, services, ideas and images etc. Many believe that advertising reflects the need of the times. Whether one likes it or not, advertisements are everywhere. They are seen on the walls, on the back of buses, in play grounds, on the occasion of sports event, on roadsides, in the stores and even on aeroplanes. Advertisements are seen in newspapers, in magazines, on the television, on internet and are even heard on radio. The fact is that we are being bombarded with advertisements day in and day out from all imaginable media. The average consumer is exposed to a very large number of advertisements everyday, particularly the urban and semi urban population. In spite of this, to the dismay and irritation of some and enjoyment of others, advertisement will continue to make their presence felt in our lives and influence our lives in many unsuspecting ways because of rapid changes in macro- environment and in our perception, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviour. It seems almost impossible to remain totally neutral and not take any notice of modern-day advertising. The most visible part of the advertising process is the advertisements that we see, read, or hear and praise or criticise. Many suitable 9|Page adjectives are used to describe advertising, depending on how an individual is reacting, such as great, dynamic, alluring, fascinating, annoying, boring, intrusive, irritating and offensive, etc. Advertising plays an important part in our everyday lives as it enables us to choose between different ranges of products. These products are promoted through different types of advertisements and cater to all types of markets. . Advertising enables producers to expand their markets and therefore take advantage of economies of scale to reduce unit production costs Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinvention of the â€Å"brand image†. For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. On the other hand advertising is plagued with social and ethical issues as it results in over consumption and waste of resources. ‘Ethics basically refers to what is right, good or consistent with virtue. Advertising generates complex ethical questions which have to be considered, as this mode of communication commits some highly controversial ethical acts which are damaging to the society as a whole. It promotes overselling, exploitation of vulnerable groups, vulgarity, offending the public, promoting socially harmful values or behavior and intrusion of privacy. Advertising creates an environment where it abuses certain values and interests that are not universally agreed upon. For example in 2001 Yves Saint Laurent launched a fragrance called ‘Opium which featured a naked model. This stirred controversy and people found it offensive and sex was being used openly to promote a perfume. For a fashion magazine the advertisement was fine but for billboards it was inappropriate and 10 | P a g e some social groups found it morally and ethically wrong. Some times advertising draws mixed response from the public, while sometimes it becomes controversial. NEED OF ADVERTISING Advertising is the promotion of a company’s products and services carried out primarily to drive sales of the products and services but also to build a brand identity and communicate changes or new product /services to the customers. Advertising has become an essential element of the corporate world and hence the companies allot a considerable amount of revenues as their advertising budget. There are several reasons for advertising some of which are as follows: †¢ Increasing the sales of the product/service †¢ Creating and maintaining a brand identity or brand image. †¢ Communicating a change in the existing product line. †¢ Introduction of a new product or service. †¢ Increasing the buzz-value of the brand or the company. Significance of Advertising Basically advertising creates wants but does not fulfill them, a person may see an advertisement for a product, it might be glossy and fancy and he might be attracted to buy the product. He might eventually buy it but it will not satisfy him it will just be a waste. It’s a short term material satisfaction which just drives the economy by over consumption of goods and services. It keeps the consumer in doubt about what to buy and in what quantities and this doubt in turn has ethical implications. Four reasons are attributed to the fugacious nature of the way advertising practices are being carried out in developing countries. 11 | P a g e 1. The role of Information and Communication technologies: As ICTs evolve so do marketing practices. If yesterday it was television that revolutionized the way advertisements could create a lasting impact on the consumer, then today the internet and phone text messages are doing just that. 2. The world today is an increasingly global village: Social and ethnic boundaries are fast falling in the wake of cable television and the like. 3. Rapid economic expansions in countries like China and India have meant that marketers have to quickly respond to the changing socio-economic scenarios. Millions of people have entered the middle class and millions more are poised to do so. For marketers, the consequences can be mind boggling-as incomes and spending powers rise, marketers have to respond to increasing demands from consumers. 4. Better and improved marketing research has meant that the entire populace is not seen in totality but rather as a congeries of different types of consumers. TYPES OF ADVERTISING There can be several branches of advertising. Mentioned below are the various categories or types of advertising. 12 | P a g e Celebrity Broadcast advertising Advertising Print OutdoorAdvertising Advertising TYPES OF Infomercials ADVERTISING Public Service Advertising Covert Advertising Surrogate Advertising 13 | P a g e 1. Print Advertising – Newspapers, Magazines, Brochures, and Fliers and less popular newspaper would cost far less than placing an advertisement in a popular newspaper The print media have always been a popular advertising medium. Advertising products via newspapers or magazines is a common practice. In addition to this, the print media also offers options like promotional brochures and fliers for advertising purposes. Often the newspapers and the magazines sell the advertising space according to the area occupied by the advertisement, the position of the advertisement (front page/middle page), as well as the readership of the publications. For instance an advertisement in a relatively new with a high readership. The price of print ads also depend on the supplement in which they appear, for example an advertisement in the glossy supplement costs way higher than that in the newspaper supplement which uses a mediocre quality paper. 2. Outdoor Advertising–Billboards, Kiosks, Tradeshows and Events 14 | P a g e Outdoor advertising is also a very popular form of advertising, which makes use of several tools and techniques to attract the customers outdoors. The most common examples of outdoor advertising are billboards, kiosks, and also several events and tradeshows organized by the company. The billboard advertising is very popular however has to be really terse and catchy in order to grab the attention of the passersby. The kiosks not only provide an easy outlet for the company products but also make for an effective advertising tool to promote the company’s products. Organizing several events or sponsoring them makes for an excellent advertising opportunity. The company can organize trade fairs, or even exhibitions for advertising their products. If not this, the company can organize several events that are closely associated with their field. For instance a company that manufactures sports utilities can sponsor a sports tournament to advertise its products. 3. Broadcast advertising – Television, Radio and the Internet The radio jingles have been very popular advertising media and have a large impact on the audience, which is evident in the fact that many people still remember and enjoy the popular radio jingles Broadcast advertising is a very popular advertising medium that constitutes of several 15 | P a g e branches like television, radio or the Internet. Television advertisements have been very popular ever since they have been introduced. The cost of television advertising often depends on the duration of the advertisement, the time of broadcast (prime time/peak time), and of course the popularity of the television channel on which the advertisement is going to be broadcasted. The radio might have lost its charm owing to the new age media however the radio remains to be the choice of small-scale advertisers. 4. Covert Advertising – Advertising in Movies Covert advertising is a unique kind of advertising in which a product or a particular brand is incorporated in some entertainment and media channels like movies, television shows or even sports. There is no commercial in the entertainment but the brand or the product is Subtly ( or sometimes evidently) showcased in the entertainment show. Some of the famous examples for this sort of advertising have to be the appearance of brand Nokia which is displayed on Tom Cruise’s phone in the movie Minority Report, or the use of Cadillac cars in the movie Matrix Reloaded. 16 | P a g e surrogate Common examples include of Fosters and Kingfisher beer help Indirectly brands, which are often seen Advertising to promote their brand with – the Advertising advertising. 5. Surrogate Surrogate advertising is prominently seen in cases where advertising a particular product is banned by law. Advertisement for products like cigarettes or alcohol which are injurious to heath are prohibited by law in several countries and hence these companies have to come up with several other products that might have the same advertising as an effective energy communication medium to convey AIDS, socially relevant messaged about like 17 | P a g e important matters and social welfare causes Causes integrity, – Advertising for Social political 6. Public Service Advertising conservation, bottles of the same brand. deforestation, illiteracy, poverty and people of the cigarettes or beer so on. ent or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] brand name and indirectly remind Today public service advertising has been increasingly used in a non-commercial fashion in several countries across the world in order to promote various social causes. In USA, the radio and television stations are granted on the basis of a fixed amount of Public service advertisements aired by the channel. 7. Celebrity Advertising 18 | P a g e and the modern day consumer getting immune to the exaggerated claims made in a majority of advertisements, there exist a section of advertisers that Using celebrities for advertising involves signing up celebrities for advertising campaigns, which consist of all sorts of advertising including, television ads or even print advertisements. Although the audience is getting smarter and smarter still bank upon celebrities and their popularity for advertising their products. Infomercials There are two types of infomercials, described as long form and short form. Long form infomercials have a time length of 30 minutes. Short form infomercials are 30 seconds to 2 minutes long. Infomercials are also known as direct response television (DRTV) commercials or direct response marketing. The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe, display, and 19 | P a g e often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals. ETHICS 1. INTRODUCTION In this era of globalization &multinational competition, ethical practices in business are assuming importance as relationships with various suppliers& customers are shaped by ethical practices& mutual trust. So, ethical decision taking assumes importance in today’s corporate world. 2. What Is Ethics? Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single â€Å"moral† course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. The terms â€Å"ethics† and â€Å"values† are not interchangeable. Ethics is concerned with how a moral person should behave, whereas values are the inner judgments that determine how a person actually behaves. Values concern ethics when they pertain to beliefs about what is right and wrong. Most values, however, have nothing to do with ethics. For instance, the desire for health and wealth are values, but not ethical values. 3. The Importance of Universality Most people have convictions about what is right and wrong based on religious beliefs, cultural roots, family background, personal experiences, laws, organizational values, professional norms and political habits. These are not the best values to make ethical decisions by — not because they are unimportant, but because they are not universal. In 20 | P a g e contrast to consensus ethical values — such basics as trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship — personal and professional beliefs vary over time, among cultures and among members of the same society. They are a source of continuous historical disagreement, even wars. There is nothing wrong with having strong personal and professional moral convictions about right and wrong, but unfortunately, some people are â€Å"moral imperialists† who seek to impose their personal moral judgments on others. The universal ethical value of respect for others dictates honoring the dignity and autonomy of each person and cautions against selfrighteousness in areas of legitimate controversy. 4. Why Be Ethical? People have lots of reasons for being ethical: †¢ There is inner benefit. Virtue is its own reward. †¢ There is personal advantage. It is prudent to be ethical. It’s good business. †¢ There is approval. Being ethical leads to self-esteem, the admiration of loved ones and the respect of peers. †¢ There is religion. Good behavior can please or help serve a deity. †¢ There is habit. Ethical actions can fit in with upbringing or training. There are obstacles to being ethical, which include: †¢ The ethics of self-interest When the motivation for ethical behavior is self-interest, decision-making is reduced to risk-reward calculations. If the risks from ethical behavior are high – or the risks from unethical behavior are low and the reward is high – moral principles succumb to expediency. †¢ This is not a small problem 21 | P a g e Many people cheat on exams, lie on resumes, and distort or falsify facts at work. The real test of our ethics is whether we are willing to do the right thing even when it is not in our self-interest. †¢ The pursuit of happiness It depends on how one defines happiness. Our values, what we prize and desire, determine what we think will make us happy. We are free to pursue material goals and physical sensations, but that alone rarely (if ever) leads to enduring happiness. It more often results in a lonely, disconnected, meaningless existence. The morally mature individual finds happiness in grander pursuits than money, status, sex and mood-altering substances. A deeper satisfaction lies in honoring universal ethical values, that is, values that people everywhere believe should inform behavior. That unity between principled belief and honorable behavior is the foundation for real happiness. †¢ Ethical Principle in Advertising All advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful. Every advertisement should be prepared with a due sense of social responsibility and should conform to the principles of fair competition, as generally accepted in business. No advertisement should be such as to impair public confidence in advertising. †¢ Decency Advertisements should not contain statements or visual presentations which offend prevailing standards of decency †¢ Honesty Advertisements should be so framed as not to abuse the trust of consumers or exploit their lack of experience or knowledge. †¢ Social Responsibility 22 | P a g e 1. Advertisements should not condone any form of discrimination, including that based upon race, national origin, religion, sex or age, nor should they in any way undermine human dignity. 2. Advertisements should not (without justifiable reason) play on fear. 3. Advertisements should not appear to condone or incite violence, or to encourage unlawful or reprehensible behavior. 4. Advertisements should not play on superstition. †¢ Truthful presentation Advertisements should not contain any statement or visual presentation which directly or by implication, omission, ambiguity or exaggerated claim is likely to mislead the consumer, in particular with regard to: 1. characteristics such as: nature, composition, method and date of manufacture, range of use, efficiency and performance, quantity, commercial or geographical origin or environmental impact; 2. the value of the product and the total price actually to be paid; 3. delivery, exchange, return, repair and maintenance; 4. terms of guarantee; 5. copyright and industrial property rights such as patents, trade marks, designs and models and trade names; 6. official recognition or approval, awards of medals, prizes and diplomas; 7. the extent of benefits for charitable causes. 8. Advertisements should not misuse research results or quotations from technical and scientific publications. Statistics should not be so presented as to exaggerate the validity of advertising claims. Scientific terms should not be used to falsely ascribe scientific validity to advertising claims. †¢ Comparisons 23 | P a g e Advertisements containing comparisons should be so designed that the comparison is not likely to mislead, and should comply with the principles of fair competition. Points of comparison should be based on facts that can be substantiated and should not be unfairly selected. †¢ Unassembled Merchandise When advertised merchandise requires partial or complete assembly by the purchaser, the advertising should disclose that fact, e. g. , â€Å"unassembled,† â€Å"partial assembly required. † †¢ Testimonials Advertisements should not contain or refer to any testimonial or endorsement unless it is genuine, verifiable, relevant and based on personal experience or knowledge. Testimonials or endorsements that have become obsolete or misleading through passage of time should not be used †¢ Portrayal or imitation of personal property Advertisements should not portray or refer to any persons, whether in a private or a public capacity, unless prior permission has been obtained; nor should advertisements without prior permission depict or refer to any person’s property in a way likely to convey the impression of a personal endorsement. †¢ Exploitation of goodwill Advertisements should not make unjustifiable use of the name, initials, logo and/or trademarks of another firm, company or institution nor should advertisements in any way take undue advantage of another firm, person or institution’s goodwill in its name, trade name or other intellectual property, nor should advertisements take advantage of the goodwill earned by other advertising campaigns. †¢ Imitation 24 | P a g e 1. Advertisements should not imitate the general layout, text, slogan, visual presentation, music and sound effects, etc. , of any other advertisements in a way that is likely to mislead or confuse the consumer. 2. Where advertisers have established distinctive advertising campaigns in one or more countries, other advertisers should not unduly imitate these campaigns in the other countries where the former may operate, thus preventing them from extending their campaigns within a reasonable period of time to such countries